DIGIT Core
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2.9-LTS
2.9-LTS
  • 🖥️Platform
    • Overview
    • Why DIGIT?
    • Principles
    • Architecture
      • Service Architecture
      • Technology Architecture
        • Open Source Tools
      • Infrastructure Architecture
      • Deployment Architecture
    • API Specifications
      • Access Control
      • Boundary
      • Document Uploader
      • Encryption
      • File Store
      • ID Generation
      • Indexer
      • Localisation
      • Master Data Management
      • OTP
      • Payment Gateway
      • PDF Generation
      • URL Shortner
      • WhatsApp Chatbot
      • Workflow
    • Core Services
      • Access Control Services
      • Audit Service
        • Signed Audit Performance Testing Results
      • API Gateway
        • Configuring Gateway Rate Limiting
      • Boundary Service
        • Migrate Old Boundary Data - Steps
      • Email Notification Service
      • Encryption Service
        • Encryption Client Library
        • User Data Security Architecture
        • Guidelines for supporting User Privacy in a module
      • FileStore Service
      • ID Generation Service
      • Indexer Service
        • Indexer Configuration
      • Internal Gateway
      • Location
      • Localization Service
        • Configuring Localization
          • Setup Base Product Localisation
          • Configure SMS and Email
      • MDMS V2 (Master Data Management Service)
        • Adopt New MDMS - Steps
        • MDMS (Master Data Management Service)
          • Setting up Master Data
            • MDMS Overview
            • MDMS Rewritten
            • Configuring Tenants
            • Configuring Master Data
            • Adding New Master
            • State Level Vs City Level Master
        • MDMS Migration
      • OTP Service
      • Payment Gateway Service
      • PDF Generation Service
      • Persister Service
        • Persister Configuration
      • Service Request
      • SMS Notification Service
        • Setting Up SMS Gateway
          • Using The Generic GET & POST SMS Gateway Interface
      • User
        • User Session Management
      • User OTP Service
      • URL Shortening Service
      • Workflow
        • Setting Up Workflows
        • Configuring Workflows For An Entity
        • Workflow Auto Escalation
        • Migration To Workflow 2.0
      • Libraries
        • Tracer Library
        • Encryption Client
      • Accelerators
        • Inbox Service
    • DIGIT: How-Tos
      • SMS Template Approval Process
      • Notification Enhancement Based On Different Channel
    • Releases
      • DIGIT 2.9 LTS
        • Test Automation
        • Release Checklist
        • Service Build Updates
          • Hotfix
        • Test Cases
        • Automated DIGIT Deployment
        • Upgrade Guide: Transitioning DIGIT Modules to Spring Boot Version 3.2.2
        • Postgres Upgrade: Service Code Changes
        • Updating RDS Version in AWS
        • LTS DIGIT Migration - v2.8 To v2.9
        • Changelog
        • Backup PostgreSQL Database In AWS - Steps
    • Source Code
  • 📓Guides
    • Installation Guide
      • Infrastructure Setup
        • AWS
          • 1. Pre-requisites
          • 2. Setup AWS Account
          • 3. Provision Infrastructure
          • FAQ
        • Azure
          • 1. Azure Pre-requisites
          • 2. Understanding AKS
          • 3. Infra-as-code (Terraform)
        • SDC
          • 1. SDC Pre-requisites
          • 2. Infra-as-code (Kubespray)
          • CI/CD Setup On SDC
        • CI/CD Set Up
          • CI/CD Build Job Pipeline Setup
      • DIGIT Deployment
        • Full Deployment
          • Deploy DIGIT
            • Prepare Deployment Configuration
        • Full Deployment (Beta)
          • Creating New HelmChart
          • Prepare Helm Release Chart
      • Quick Setup (AWS)
    • Data Setup Guide
      • Bootstrap DIGIT
      • Productionize DIGIT
      • User Module
      • Localisation Module
      • Location Module
      • MDMS - V2
    • Design Guide
      • Model Requirements
      • Design Services
      • Design User Interface
      • Checklists
    • Developer Guide
      • Pre-requisites Training Resources
      • Backend Developer Guide
        • Section 0: Prep
          • Development Pre-requisites
          • Design Inputs
            • High Level Design
            • Low Level Design
          • Development Environment Setup
        • Section 1: Create Project
          • Generate Project Using API Specs
          • Create Database
          • Configure Application Properties
          • Import Core Models
          • Implement Repository Layer
          • Create Validation & Enrichment Layers
          • Implement Service Layer
          • Build The Web Layer
        • Section 2: Integrate Persister & Kafka
          • Add Kafka Configuration
          • Implement Kafka Producer & Consumer
          • Add Persister Configuration
          • Enable Signed Audit
        • Section 3: Integrate Microservices
          • Integrate IDGen Service
          • Integrate User Service
          • Add MDMS Configuration
          • Integrate MDMS Service
          • Add Workflow Configuration
          • Integrate Workflow Service
          • Integrate URL Shortener Service
        • Section 4: Integrate Billing & Payment
          • Custom Calculator Service
          • Integrate Calculator Service
          • Payment Back Update
        • Section 5: Other Advanced Integrations
          • Add Indexer Configuration
          • Certificate Generation
        • Section 6: Run Final Application
        • Section 7: Build & Deploy Instructions
        • FAQs
      • UI Developer Guide
        • DIGIT-UI
          • UI Components Standardisation
            • DIGIT UI Core React Components
            • DIGIT UI Core Flutter Components
              • Input Field
              • Radio
              • Toggle
              • Button
              • Dropdown
              • Checkbox
              • Toast
              • Info Card
            • DIGIT UI Components v0.2.0
              • Foundation
                • Typography
                • Colour Pallete
                • Spacer
              • Atom
                • Accordion
                • Button
                • Checkbox
        • DIGIT UI Development Pre-requisites
        • UI Configuration (DevOps)
        • Local Development Setup
        • Run Application
        • Build & Deploy
        • Pre-defined Screens In DIGIT-UI
          • Create Screen (FormComposer)
          • Inbox/Search Screen
          • Workflow Component
        • Create a New UI Module/Package
          • Project Structure
          • Install Dependency
          • Module.js
          • Import Required Components
          • Common Hooks
        • Employee Module Setup
          • Write Employee Module Code
          • Create Form - Create Screen
        • Citizen Module Setup
          • Sample screenshots
          • Citizen Landing Screen
          • Write Citizen Module Code
        • Customisation
          • Integrate External Web Application/UI With DIGIT UI
          • Utility - Pre-Process MDMS Configuration
          • CSS Customisation
          • Kibana Dashboard Integration With DSS Module
          • Login Page
        • Setup Monitoring Tools
        • Android Web View & How To Generate APK
        • FAQs
          • Troubleshoot Using Browser Network Tab
          • Debug Android App Using Chrome Browser
      • Flutter (Mobile App) UI Developer Guide
        • Introduction to Flutter
          • Flutter - Key Features
          • Flutter Architecture & Approach
          • Flutter Pre-Requisites
        • Setup Development Environment
          • Flutter Installation & Setup Guide
          • Setup Device Emulators/Simulators
          • Run Application
        • Build User Interfaces
          • Create Form Screen
        • Build Deploy & Publish
          • Build & Deploy Flutter Web Application
          • Generate Android APKs & App Bundles
          • Publishing App Bundle To Play Store
        • State Management With Provider & Bloc
          • Provider State Management
          • BloC State Management
        • Best Practices & Tips
        • Troubleshooting
    • Operations Guide
      • DIGIT - Infra Overview
      • Kubernetes
        • RBAC Management
        • Database Dump - Playground
      • Setup Jenkins - Docker way
      • GitOps
        • Git Client installation
        • GitHub organization creation
        • Adding new SSH key to it
        • GitHub repo creation
        • GitHub Team creation
        • Enabling Branch protection:
        • CODEOWNER Reviewers
        • Adding Users to the Git
        • Setting up an OAuth with GitHub
        • Fork (Fork the mdms,config repo with a tenant-specific branch)
      • Working with Kubernetes
        • Installation of Kubectl
      • Containerizing application using Docker
        • Creation of Dockerhub account
      • Infra Provisioning Using Terraform
        • Installation of Terraform
      • Customise Existing Terraform Templates
      • Cert-Manager
        • Obtaining SSL certificates with the help of cluster-issuer
      • Moving Docker Images
      • Pre and post deployment checklist
      • Multi-tenancy Setup
      • Availability
        • Infrastructure
        • Backbone services
          • Database
          • Kafka
          • Kafka Connect
          • Elastic search
            • Elastic Search Rolling Upgrade
            • ElasticSearch Direct Upgrade
        • Core services
        • DIGIT apps
        • DSS dashboard
      • Observability
        • ES-Curator - Clear Old Logs/indices
        • Monitoring
        • Environment Changes
        • Tracing
        • Jaeger Tracing Setup
        • Logging
        • eGov Monitoring & Alerting Setup
        • eGov Logging Setup
      • Performance
        • What to monitor?
          • Infrastructure
          • Backbone services
          • Core services
        • Identifying bottlenecks
        • Solutions
      • Handling errors
      • Security
      • Reliability and disaster recovery
      • Privacy
      • Skillsets/hiring
      • Incident management processes
      • Kafka Troubleshooting Guide
        • How to clean up Kafka logs
        • How to change or reset consumer offset in Kafka?
      • SRE Rituals
      • FAQs
        • I am unable to login to the citizen or employee portal. The UI shows a spinner.
        • My DSS dashboard is not reflecting accurate numbers? What can I do?
      • Deployment using helm
        • Helm Installation
        • Helm chart creation
        • Helm chart customization
      • How to Dump Elasticsearch Indexes
      • Deploy Nginx-Ingress-Controller
      • Deployment Job Pipeline Setup
      • OAuth2-Proxy Setup
      • Jira Ticket Creation
    • Implementation Guide
    • Security & Privacy Guide
      • Security & Privacy Guidelines For Product Developers
      • Security & Privacy Guidelines For Solution Implementing Agencies
      • Security & Privacy Guidelines For Program Owners
  • 🚀Accelerators
    • UI Frameworks
      • Service Build Updates
    • Integrations
      • Payment
      • Notification
      • Transaction
      • Verification
      • View
      • Calculation
    • Concepts
      • Deployment - Key Concepts
        • Security Practices
        • Readiness & Liveness
        • Resource Requests & Limits
        • Deploying DIGIT Services
        • Deployment Architecture
        • Routing Traffic
        • Backbone Deployment
    • API Playground
    • Sandbox
    • Checklists
      • API Checklist
      • Security Checklist
        • Security Guidelines Handbook
        • Security Flow - Exemplar
      • Performance Checklist
      • Deployment Checklist
    • Contribute
    • Discussion Board
    • Academy
    • Events
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All content on this page by eGov Foundation is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.

On this page
  • Multi-tenancy Benefits
  • Many tenants, one cluster (Multi-tenancy), Why use multi-tenancy and benefits of multi-tenancy?
  • How to implement multi-tenancy?
  • 1. Infra Isolation
  • (a) Namespaces
  • (b) RBAC: Role based access control for Kubernetes
  • (C) Network Policies: To isolate traffic between the namespaces
  • 2. Data Isolation:

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  1. Guides
  2. Operations Guide

Multi-tenancy Setup

Describes multi-tenancy setup for DIGIT

PreviousPre and post deployment checklistNextAvailability

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  • Options

  • Infra level separation vs logical separation

  • Recommendations

Multi-tenancy Benefits

Many tenants, one cluster (Multi-tenancy), Why use multi-tenancy and benefits of multi-tenancy?

Multi-tenancy is the more common option for several reasons, but affordability tops the list:

Cost efficiency: Sharing of resources, databases, and the application itself means lower costs per customer. There is no need to buy or manage additional infrastructure or software. All the tenants share the server and storage space, which proves to be cheaper as it promotes economies of scale

Fast, easy deployment: With no new infrastructure to worry about, set-up and onboarding are simple. For instance carving out resources for a new team/project

Built-in security: Isolation between the tenants

Optimum performance: Multi-tenancies allow improve operational efficiency such as speed, utilisation, etc.

High scalability: Service small customers (whose size may not warrant dedicated infrastructure) and large organization's (that need access to unlimited computing resources).

How to implement multi-tenancy?

1. Infra Isolation

(a) Namespaces

Namespaces are the primary unit of tenancy in Kubernetes. By themselves, they don’t do much except organize other objects — but almost all policies support namespaces by default

  • Require cluster-level permissions to create

  • Included in Kubernetes natively

(b) RBAC: Role based access control for Kubernetes

Kubernetes includes a built-in role-based access control mechanism that enables you to configure fine-grained and specific sets of permissions that define how a given Google Cloud user, or group of users, can interact with any Kubernetes object in your cluster, or in a specific Namespace of your cluster.

  • Kubernetes RBAC is enabled by default

(C) Network Policies: To isolate traffic between the namespaces

Network policies allow you to limit connections between Pods. Therefore, using network policies provide better security by reducing the compromise radius.

  • Note that the network policies determine whether a connection is allowed, and they do not offer higher level features like authorization or secure transport (like SSL/TLS).

  • Control traffic flow at the IP address or port level (OSI layer 3 or 4)

2. Data Isolation:

There are multiple well-known strategies to implement this architecture, ranging from highly isolated (like single-tenant) to everything shared. We can implement multi-tenancy using any of the following approaches:

  1. Database per Tenant: Each Tenant has its own database and is isolated from other tenants.

  2. Shared Database, Shared Schema: All Tenants share a database and tables. Every table has a Column with the Tenant Identifier, that shows the owner of the row.

  3. Shared Database, Separate Schema: All Tenants share a database, but have their own database schemas and tables.

Multi-tenancy Models

Official Kubernetes documentation on namespaces:

Official Kubernetes documentation on RBAC:

Network Policies are an application-centric construct which allow you to specify how a is allowed to communicate with various network “entities”

Official Kubernetes documentation on Network Policies:

📓
https://kubernetes.io/docs/concepts/overview/working-with-objects/namespaces/
https://kubernetes.io/docs/reference/access-authn-authz/rbac/
pod
https://kubernetes.io/docs/concepts/services-networking/network-policies/